History of Iran 

The science of Iran has not taken the place it should have, and we know the Iranian world superficially. It was as if a great veil had been thrown over him, through which only individual lights shone: Susa, Persepolis, Samarkand, Herat, Isfahan, Shiraz, miniatures, poems ... All these lights should have sparkled, they should have be as bright as the incomparable blue of the Iranian sky, as Iran's vast deserts of golden sand, as its bare mountains, as its theology of light, as the vaults of azure-lined temples, as Isfahan's roses, as its poets with their. 

"Inimitable simplicity." For us, he is fading into a heterogeneous group of Islamic countries, although even there he shows a strong individuality.

At the same time, Iran's history is closely linked to world history. Every historian, every educated person must know him. 

How can anyone read and understand the Bible without knowing about the Babylonian captivity and the decree of the release of Cyrus, “the anointed of Jehovah,” in the words of Deutero-Isaiah? How can one study the history of Greece, ignoring the Persian wars, Herodotus, who was born a submissive Iranian, Alexander, and his conquest of the world? Who will remain indifferent to the arrival of the magicians, the Iranian kings-priests, at the cradle of Christ? Who would dare to forget how fundamental the long battle with the Parthians and Sassanids was for the Roman Empire? How would we perceive Indians if we did not know that Indian Islam, at least in part, appeared under the influence of the Iranian? Did not the courtly love of our beautiful Middle Ages be born in the land of the Cathars, to which the echoes of what happened in the valleys of Mesopotamia reached? Such questions can be multiplied indefinitely.

Previously, Iran was called Persia, the country is still called so in many works of art . Iran's culture is often called Persian, Iranian civilization is also called Persian. The Persians are called the indigenous peoples of Iran, as well as the people who live in the Persian Gulf countries, the people who live near the Caucasus, Central Asia , Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India.

The official name of the Iranian state is the Islamic Republic of Iran. The name of the country "Iran" is now used for modern civilization, now the Persians are called Iranians, this is a people who live in the territory between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf. Iranians have lived in this territory for more than two and a half thousand years.

The Iranians have a direct relationship with the peoples called Aryans, who also lived in this territory in ancient times, they were the ancestors of the Indo-European peoples of Central Asia. There have been invasions of Iranian civilization for many years, and the empire has undergone some changes.

Due to the invasions and wars, the composition of the country's population gradually changed, the state expanded, and the peoples who fell into it spontaneously mingled. Today we face the following picture: as a result of a large number of migrations and wars, peoples of European, Turkish, Arab and Caucasian origin claim the territory and culture of Iran.

Many of these peoples live in modern Iran. Moreover, the people of Iran prefer the country to be called Persia, and they are called Persians, to indicate their resemblance and continuity in relation to Persian culture. Often, the people of Iran do not want to have anything to do with a modern political state. Many Iranians have emigrated to the United States and Europe, but even there they do not want to be compared to the modern Islamic Republic of Iran, established in 1979.

The rise of a nation

The Iranian people are one of the oldest civilized peoples in the world. During the Paleolithic and Mesolithic, the population lived in caves in the Zagros and Elburs mountains. The earliest civilizations in the region lived at the foot of the Zagros, where they developed agriculture and animal husbandry, and the first urban culture was established in the Tigris and EuphratesIran's ethnic relations

In Iran, there are virtually no inter-ethnic conflicts, especially given the fact that a large number of different nationalities live there. It can be confidently concluded that no one is persecuting or terrorizing Iran's ethnic minorities, and all the more so that there is no open discrimination.

Some groups living in Iran have always sought autonomy. One of the main representatives of such peoples is the Kurds who live on the western border of Iran. These people are extremely independent, constantly pressuring the central government of Iran to make economic concessions to them and to accept their autonomous decision-making powers.

However, outside the urban areas, the Kurds are already exercising formidable control over their regions. Iranian government officials navigate these areas very easily. The Kurds in Iran, along with their counterparts in Iraq and Turkey, have long wanted to establish an independent state. The immediate prospects for this are quite weak.

Nomadic tribal groups in the southern and western regions of Iran are also creating some problems for the country's central government. These peoples graze their goats and sheep, and as a result are constantly nomadic for more than half a year, these peoples have always been difficult to control historically.

These peoples are usually self-sufficient, and some of them are quite rich people. Attempts to normalize relations with these tribes in the past have often met with violent action. They are currently trying to make a fragile peace with the central Iranian authorities.

Geography of Iran

Iran is located in Southwest Asia. In the north and northeast, Iran borders Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Armenia, Iraq to the west, Turkey to the northwest, and Pakistan and Afghanistan to the east. In the north, the shores of Iran are washed by the waters of the Caspian Sea, and in the south of the country is the Arabian Sea (Persian Gulf and Oman), which is part of the Indian Ocean. The total area of ​​this country is 1,648,000 square meters.

Located in western Iran Elburz mountain system , as well as the Caucasus Mountains. In general, most of Iran's territory is occupied by mountains. However, in eastern Iran there are deserts (eg Deshte-Kevir) and in the north there are large plains.

Capital

The capital of Iran is Tehran, which now hosts over 8.8 million people. Archaeologists say that the settlement of humans on the site of modern Tehran already existed 7,000 years ago.

Official language

The official language in Iran is Persian, belonging to the Iranian group of the Indo-European language family.

Religion

About 98% of Iran's population is Muslim (89% are Shiite Muslims and 9% are Sunni Muslims)

The state structure of Iran

According to the current 2004 Constitution, Iran is an Islamic republic. His leadership is the President, elected by popular vote for a term of 4 years. The President appoints the members of the Council of Ministers by decree and oversees their activities.

Members of this Council should check that the laws adopted in Iran are in accordance with the Constitution.

The right of legislative initiative in Iran has a unicameral parliament - Majlis. It consists of 190 deputies elected by direct universal suffrage for 4 years. 

The sea in Iran

In the north, Iran is washed away by the waters of the Caspian Sea. In the south of the country is the Arabian Sea (Persian Gulf and Oman), which is part of the Indian Ocean. The length of the Caspian Sea Coa.